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MC13176D Datasheet(PDF) 11 Page - Motorola, Inc |
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MC13176D Datasheet(HTML) 11 Page - Motorola, Inc |
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11 / 18 page  MC13176 11 MOTOROLA RF/IF DEVICE DATA Figure 19. Input Data Waveform Figure 20. Frequency Deviation –10 –20 –30 –40 (dBc) (dBc) Figure 21. Modulation Spectrum Figure 22. Unmodulated Carrier Reference Crystal Oscillator (Pins 8 and 9) Selection of Proper Crystal: A crystal can operate in a number of mechanical modes. The lowest resonant frequency mode is its fundamental while higher order modes are called overtones. At each mechanical resonance, a crystal behaves like a RLC series–tuned circuit having a large inductor and a high Q. The inductor Ls is series resonance with a dynamic capacitor, Cs determined by the elasticity of the crystal lattice and a series resistance Rs, which accounts for the power dissipated in heating the crystal. This series RLC circuit is in parallel with a static capacitance, Cp which is created by the crystal block and by the metal plates and leads that make contact with it. Figure 23 is the equivalent circuit for a crystal in a single resonant mode. It is assumed that other modes of resonance are so far off frequency that their effects are negligible. Series resonant frequency, fs is given by; fs = 1/2π(LsCs)1/2 and parallel resonant frequency, fp is given by; fp = fs(1 + Cs/Cp)1/2 Figure 23. Crystal Equivalent Circuit C3 R3 L3 Cp the frequency separation at resonance is given by; ∆f = fp–fs = fs[1 – (1 + Cs/Cp)1/2] Usually fp is less than 1% higher than fs, and a crystal exhibits an extremely wide variation of the reactance with frequency between fp and fs. A crystal oscillator circuit is very stable with frequency. This high rate of change of impedance with frequency stabilizes the oscillator, because any significant change in oscillator frequency will cause a large phase shift in the feedback loop keeping the oscillator on frequency. Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. For More Information On This Product, Go to: www.freescale.com ARCHIVED BY FREESCALE SEMICONDUCTOR, INC. 2005 |
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